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Credit: NOAA and Richard Pyle/Bishop Museum 20152025-12-23T19:16:48+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2025/12/23/giant-groupers-ch-ch-changes/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/giant-grouper-article-images-14.jpgGiant grouper article images (14)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/giant-grouper-article-images-13.jpgGiant grouper article images (13)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/giant-grouper-article-images-11.jpgGiant grouper article images (11)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/giant-grouper-article-images-12.jpgGiant grouper article images (12)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/giant-grouper-article-images-10.jpgGiant grouper article images (10)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/giant-grouper-article-images-9.jpgGiant grouper article images (9)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/giant-grouper-article-images-8.jpgGiant grouper article images (8)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/giant-grouper-article-images-7.jpgGiant grouper article images (7)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/giant-grouper-article-images-6.jpgGiant grouper article images (6)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/giant-grouper-article-images-5.jpgGiant grouper article images (5)2025-12-21T14:30:59+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/plants-algae-2/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/24.jpg24https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/mangroves-stilted-roots--1.jpgmangroves-stilted-roots--12025-09-30T19:32:25+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2025/09/30/maerl-living-labyrinths/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/maerl-article-images-12.jpgMaerl article images (12)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/maerl-article-images-11.jpgMaerl article images (11)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/maerl-article-images-10.jpgMaerl article images (10)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/maerl-article-images-9.jpgMaerl article images (9)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/maerl-article-images-8.jpgMaerl article images (8)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/maerl-article-images-7.jpgMaerl article images (7)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/maerl-article-images-6.jpgMaerl article images (6)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/maerl-article-images-5.jpgMaerl article images (5)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/maerl-article-images-4.jpgMaerl article images (4)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/maerl-article-images-3.jpgMaerl article images (3)2025-09-25T13:44:43+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2025/06/30/megalodons-an-even-bigger-boat/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/megalodon-article-images-12.jpgMegalodon article images (12)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/megalodon-article-images-11.jpgMegalodon article images (11)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/megalodon-article-images-10.jpgMegalodon article images (10)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/megalodon-article-images-9.jpgMegalodon article images (9)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/megalodon-article-images-8.jpgMegalodon article images (8)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/megalodon-article-images-7.jpgMegalodon article images (7)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/megalodon-article-images-6.jpgMegalodon article images (6)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/megalodon-article-images-5.jpgMegalodon article images (5)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/megalodon-article-images-4.jpgMegalodon article images (4)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/megalodon-article-images-3.jpgMegalodon article images (3)2025-07-04T09:33:24+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/living-fossils/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/megalodon-article-images-12.jpgMegalodon article images (12)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/30-copy.jpg30 - Copyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/30.jpg302025-07-03T14:16:17+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/cnidarians/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/16.jpg16https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/coral_sol.jpgcoral_sol2025-04-01T08:26:08+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2025/03/31/fire-corals-coral-anemone-jellyfish-other/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/fire-coral-article-images-11.jpgFire coral article images (11)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/fire-coral-article-images-10.jpgFire coral article images (10)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/fire-coral-article-images-9.jpgFire coral article images (9)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/fire-coral-article-images-8.jpgFire coral article images (8)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/fire-coral-article-images-7.jpgFire coral article images (7)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/fire-coral-article-images-6.jpgFire coral article images (6)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/fire-coral-article-images-5.jpgFire coral article images (5)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/fire-coral-article-images-4.jpgFire coral article images (4)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/fire-coral-article-images-3a.jpgFire coral article images (3a)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/fire-coral-article-images-3.jpgFire coral article images (3)2025-03-27T14:50:42+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/articles-by-category/2025-03-21T18:37:41+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/worms-2/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/20.jpg20https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/christmas_tree_worms_42003917885.jpgchristmas_tree_worms_42003917885https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/sensilla_of_marine_nematode.jpgsensilla_of_marine_nematode2025-03-21T18:32:52+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/sea-birds/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/10.jpg10https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/eurasian-oystercatcher-image-5-1.jpgeurasian-oystercatcher-image-5-12025-03-21T18:31:46+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/reptiles-2/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/8.jpg8https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/laticauda_semifasciata_near_tokashiki_in_japan.jpglaticauda_semifasciata_near_tokashiki_in_japan2025-03-21T18:30:39+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/plankton-microorganisms-2/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/26.jpg26https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/diatom-article-image-6.jpgdiatom article image 6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/larvacean-article-image-3.jpglarvacean-article-image-32025-03-21T18:28:09+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/molluscs/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/14.jpg14https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nautilus-jb-01.jpgnautilus-jb-012025-03-21T18:26:47+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/marine-mammals/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/2-4.jpg2https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/manatee_area_sign_140fl_npsphoto_odonnell_9255091729.jpgManatee_Area_Sign_140FL,_NPSPhoto,_O'Donnell_(9255091729)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hihwnms_upside_down_humpback_whale_48771005683.jpgCourtesy E. Lyman – HIHWNMS/ NOAA Permit # 774-1714Courtesy E. Lyman – HIHWNMS/ NOAA Permit # 774-1714https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/bottlenose_dolphin_cromarty_firth_2006.jpgBottlenose_dolphin_cromarty_firth_2006https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/seal_at_the_cape_town_scuba_diving.jpgSeal_at_the_Cape_Town_Scuba_Divinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/porpoise_saam-1998.84.56_1.jpg1998.84.56_1.tifDirect capturehttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/killerwhales_jumping.jpgKillerwhales_jumpinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/killer-whales-.jpgkiller whaleshttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/bnd-blog-image-6.jpgBND blog image 6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/bottlenose-dolphin-text.jpgBottlenose dolphin text2025-03-21T18:25:30+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/little-fish-2/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/6.jpg6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/gasterosteus_aculeatus-social-communication.jpgGasterosteus_aculeatus-social communicationhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/gasterosteus_aculeatus-social-communication2.jpggasterosteus_aculeatus-social-communication2Unsere Süßwasserfische Leipzig :Quelle & Meyer,1913. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/38277https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/gasterosteus_aculeatus-social-communication-1.jpggasterosteus_aculeatus-social-communication-12025-03-21T18:24:14+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/crustaceans/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/12.jpg12https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/thanks-for-reading-photo.jpgThanks for reading photohttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/squille_multicolore_odontodactylus_scyllarus_aquarium_liege_30012016_1.jpgsquille_multicolore_odontodactylus_scyllarus_aquarium_liege_30012016_12025-03-21T18:21:27+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/assorted-invertebrates/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/22.jpg22https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/golden_sea_squirt.jpggolden_sea_squirt2025-03-21T18:17:40+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/about/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/img_0027.jpgIMG_0027https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/img_2661.jpgIMG_2661https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/img_3327.pngIMG_3327https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/illustration_for__crab_story__met_dp877031.jpgIllustration_for__Crab_Story__MET_DP877031https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/hippocampus_dublin.jpgHippocampus,_Dublinhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/octopus_3028038447.jpgOctopus_(3028038447)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/sake_dojo_los_angeles_seaweed_salad.jpgSake_Dojo_(Los_Angeles)_Seaweed_saladhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/haeckel_discomedusae_8.jpgHaeckel_Discomedusae_8https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/fmib_41214_shag-eyed_shark.jpegFMIB_41214_Shag-Eyed_Sharkhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/wattwurm_alt-3.jpgKONICA MINOLTA DIGITAL CAMERAKONICA MINOLTA DIGITAL CAMERA2025-03-07T19:36:33+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/about-the-author/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/468919326_10231702137230859_9119101139169940728_n.jpg468919326_10231702137230859_9119101139169940728_nhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/img_0128.jpgIMG_0128https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/img_0124.jpgIMG_0124https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/img_1193.jpgIMG_1193https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/2014-10-16-15.53.23.jpg2014-10-16 15.53.23https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/img_0274.jpgIMG_0274https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/img_2018.jpgIMG_2018https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/img_1094.jpgIMG_1094https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/img_0209.jpgIMG_0209https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/img_2678.jpgIMG_26782025-03-07T19:23:24+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2024/12/31/sea-kraits-in-out-shake-it-all-about/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/sea-krait-article-images-10.jpgSea krait article images (10)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/sea-krait-article-images-9.jpgSea krait article images (9)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/sea-krait-article-images-8.jpgSea krait article images (8)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/sea-krait-article-images-7.jpgSea krait article images (7)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/sea-krait-article-images-6.jpgSea krait article images (6)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/sea-krait-article-images-5.jpgSea krait article images (5)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/sea-krait-article-images-4.jpgSea krait article images (4)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/sea-krait-article-images-3a.pngSea krait article images (3a)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/sea-krait-article-images-3.jpgSea krait article images (3)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/sea-krait-article-images-2.jpgSea krait article images (2)2025-03-06T11:21:29+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/sample-chapter-2/2025-03-06T09:53:19+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/behind-the-story/2025-03-06T09:37:57+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/synopsis/2025-03-06T09:37:48+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/shark-on-a-train/2025-02-23T13:17:38+00:00weekly0.6https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2020/06/30/greenland-sharks-age-before-beauty/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/greenland-shark-image-6.pnggreenland shark image 6Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/greenland-shark-image-5.pnggreenland shark image 5https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/greenland-shark-image-4.pnggreenland shark image 4Hákarl is made from the meat of Greenland sharks, and some of their close relatives. Putting aside the ethical and ecological concerns for a moment, this delicacy has had some scathing reviews from critics. American TV chef Anthony Bourdain ranked it as one of his worst food-related experiences in the world and Gordon Ramsey spat it out into a bucket. Even so, there are probably still tourists out there looking for a culinary challenge.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/greenland-shark-image-2.pnggreenland shark image 2Greenland sharks (centre) have an incredibly varied diet that includes (clockwise from top left) wolfish, cod, squid, skates, harp seals, reindeer, polar bears and spider crabs.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/greenland-shark-image-3.pnggreenland shark image 3E. coli bacteria (left) and Greenland sharks (right) are at opposite ends of the spectrum when it comes to lifespan and reproduction rate. Humans (centre) occupy an intermediate position on this spectrum, but we are arguably the most successful species of the three. No other species on earth has managed to blast off into space (not without our help anyway).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/greenland-shark-image-1.pnggreenland shark image 1Working out the age of a Greenland shark is tricky, because we normally determine the age of living things by counting ‘growth rings’ in their hard parts of living things (e.g. the tooth of an orca), but this animal is too squishy for this approach. So instead, scientists looked at a set of crystal-like proteins in their eyes which remain exactly the same throughout the shark’s life. These proteins can provide vital clues of what the water chemistry was like when were they were born. These results can be difficult to interpret, which is why there is 240 years between estimates for the maximum age of Greenland sharks.2025-02-19T18:22:09+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2017/10/31/first-blog-post/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/rev-box-jellyfish-thanks-for-reading-image.jpg(Rev) box jellyfish thanks for reading imageThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/rev-box-jellyfish-article-image-6.jpg(Rev) box jellyfish article image 6A beach sign in Cape Tribulation, Queensland, Australia warning of box jellyfish. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/rev-box-jellyfish-article-image-5.jpg(Rev) box jellyfish article image 5Colour vision requires multiple types of pigments that are sensitive to different colours of light, for example the human eye contains red, green and blue light sensitive pigments. The light absorbed by these three pigments combined allows us to perceive a wide variety of colours.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/rev-box-jellyfish-article-image-4.jpg(Rev) box jellyfish article image 4Both Tripedalia cystophora (left) and Chironex fleckeri (right) are thought to be able to see in colour.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/rev-box-jellyfish-article-image-3.jpg(Rev) box jellyfish article image 3In the human eye light is absorbed by the retina, which contains many light sensitive pigments, the electrical signals are transmitted along the optic nerve and are processed by the visual cortex of the brain. Due to the small eye opening a lens is also required to alter the direction that the incoming light travel (light refraction) so that the whole retina can be exposed to light. The lens can also change shape, and thus change how much the light is refracted, so that the image can focused. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/rev-box-jellyfish-article-image-2.jpg(Rev) box jellyfish article image 2Box jellyfish, Tripedalia cystophora, and a single rhopalium with four labelled eye types. Eye pits (PE), eye slits (SE), upper camera lens eye (ULE) and lower camera lens eye (LLE).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/rev-box-jellyfish-article-image-1.jpg(Rev) box jellyfish article image 1Box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) are characterised by their cube shaped bodies and like their fellow Cnidarian invertebrates (eg. corals, anemones and other jellyfish) they possess stinging cells. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/box-jellyfish-article-image-3.jpgBox jellyfish article image 3Three species of box jellyfish (left to right) Tripedalia cystophora, Chiropsella bronzie (Image sources: [9]) and Chironex fleckeri (Image source: [18]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/box-jellyfish-article-image-2.jpgBox jellyfish article image 2Schematic of human eye (Image source: [5]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/box-jellyfish-article-image-12.jpgBox jellyfish article image 1Box jellyfish, Chiropsella bronzie, and a single rhopalium with four labelled eye types (Image source: [8]).2024-11-15T14:39:59+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2017/11/15/vampire-squid-ancient-and-blood-thirsty-for-oxygen/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/rev-vampire-squid-thanks-for-reading.jpg(Rev) vampire squid thanks for readingThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/rev-vampire-squid-article-image-4.jpg(Rev) vampire squid article image 4Occupy Wall Street protests in Washington DC, USA.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/rev-vampire-squid-article-image-3.jpg(Rev) vampire squid article image 3This young vampire squid seems to be doing okay despite the limited energy investment from its mother.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/rev-vampire-squid-article-image-2.jpg(Rev) vampire squid article image 2A vampire squid illustrated with its bioluminescent organs.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/rev-vampire-squid-article-image-1.jpg(Rev) vampire squid article image 1Vampire squid from above (left) and looking into the mouth (right).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/vampire-squid-image-2.jpgvampire squid image 2“Fight the vampire squid” illustration used by the Occupy wall street protest movement in the United States (Image source: [8]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/vampire-squid-image-1.jpgvampire squid image 1Vampire squid, Vampyroteuthis infernalis, with the web partially curled (above) and extended (below), (Image source: [2]).2024-11-15T14:39:45+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2017/12/06/mantis-shrimp-hitting-hard/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/mantis-shrimp-image-4.jpgmantis-shrimp-image-4https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/rev-mantis-shrimp-article-image-3.png(Rev) Mantis shrimp article image 3Schematic of the limb of a mantis shrimp pre-strike (upper) and post-strike (lower) with the muscles and springs highlighted.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/rev-mantis-shrimp-article-image-2.jpg(Rev) Mantis shrimp article image 2Squilla mantis with it spear shaped appendages.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/rev-mantis-shrimp-article-image-1.jpgIMG_2556Peacock mantis shrimp, Odontodactylus scyllarus, with its club shaped modified limbs. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/mantis-shrimp-image-3.jpgmantis shrimp image 3Spiral arrangement of chitin fibres that make up the microstructure of the shell of mantis shrimp (Image source: [4]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/mantis-shrimp-image-2.jpgmantis shrimp image 2Schematic of the modified limb of the peacock mantis shrimp in pre-strike (upper) and strike (lower) phases . Muscles are highlighted in red and the specialised spring in yellow (Image source: [2]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/mantis-shrimp-image-1.jpgmantis shrimp image 1Peacock mantis shrimp, Odontodactylus scyllarus, with its club shaped modified limb pointed out (Image source: [1]). 2024-11-15T14:39:29+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2017/12/25/christmas-island-crab-out-of-water/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/rev-christmas-island-crab-thanks-for-reading.jpg(Rev) christmas island crab thanks for readingThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/rev-christmas-island-crab-article-image-4.jpg(Rev) christmas island crab article image 4A group of yellow crazy ants photographed on Christmas Island overpowering a single beetle. A lone land crab is unlikely to fare much better against a similar attack. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/rev-christmas-island-crab-article-image-3.jpg(Rev) christmas island crab article image 3The yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes, is named for its frantic movements.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/rev-christmas-island-crab-article-image-2.jpg(Rev) christmas island crab article image 2The march of the red crabs in action (left), sometimes aided by their human neighbours who have installed fences and open grids to give them safe passage underneath our roads.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/rev-christmas-island-crab-article-image-1.jpg(Rev) christmas island crab article image 1Gecarcoidea natalis (top) is the most well-known land crab species on Christmas Island, a small island in the Indian Ocean (bottom). Despite being closer to Indonesia it an Australian territory.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/christmas-island-crab-image-4.jpgchristmas island crab image 4Sites within the rainforests of Christmas Island that are not invaded (above) and invaded (below) by the Yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes (Image source: [16]). https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/christmas-island-crab-image-3.jpgchristmas island crab image 3The yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes, is named for its frantic movements (Image source: [8]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/christmas-island-crab-image-2.jpgchristmas island crab image 2Gecarcoidea natalis is the most well-known land crab species on Christmas Island (Image source: [15]). https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/christmas-island-crab-image-11.jpgchristmas island crab image 1Christmas Island is a small island in the Indian Ocean. Despite being closer to Indonesia it an Australian territory (Image source: [14]).2024-11-15T14:39:10+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/01/16/elephant-seal-there-will-be-blood-maybe/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/rev-elephant-seal-thanks-for-reading-image.jpg(Rev) elephant seal thanks for reading imageThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/rev-elephant-seal-article-image-3.jpg(Rev) elephant seal article image 3Despite years of persecution, some elephant seals seem to be strangely comfortable around human settlements. Or perhaps being a nuisance from time to time is their payback.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/rev-elephant-seal-article-image-2.jpg(Rev) elephant seal article image 2For two males to settle a contest over access to females they can get information on each other through roaring at each other (above) and from direct fighting (below). Only the desperate and the stupid would fight a bull that is significantly bigger than they are.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/rev-elephant-seal-article-image-1.jpg(Rev) elephant seal article image 1Male northern (left) and southern (right) elephant seals can easily outsize their female counterparts .https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/elephant-seal-blog-image-3.jpgElephant seal blog image 3For two males to settle a contest over access to females they can get information on each other through roaring at each other (above) and from direct fighting (below). (Image source: [21, 22]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/elephant-seal-blog-image-2.jpgElephant seal blog image 2Contests between males can go through a series of increasingly extreme steps from judging whether to start a contest at all (above) to loud roars (middle) and bloody fights (bottom) until one yields or dies (Image sources: [21, 22, 23, 24]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/elephant-seal-blog-image-1.jpgElephant seal blog image 1Male northern (left) and southern (right) elephant seals can outsize their female counterparts (Image sources: [19, 20]).2024-11-15T14:38:45+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/02/05/sea-urchins-swiss-army-jaws/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/rev-urchin-thanks-for-reading-image.jpg(Rev) urchin thanks for reading imageThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/rev-urchin-article-image-3.jpg(Rev) urchin article image 3Fresh sea urchin gonads, commonly called roe (left), served with fish cake (right).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/rev-urchin-article-image-2.jpg(Rev) urchin article image 2Given how tightly packed groups of sea urchins can be, it’s hardly surprising that they can do serious damage to some habitats if there is enough of them.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/rev-urchin-article-image-1.jpg(Rev) urchin article image 1The jaws of a sea urchin as seen from below (left) and inside (right) are made of five symmetrically arranged teeth, operated by a series of calcareous plates and muscles around a mouth opening.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/sea-urchin-jaws-article-image-31.jpgSea urchin jaws article image 3Sea urchin gonads, commonly called roe, are a delicacy in seafood (Image source: [26]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/sea-urchin-jaws-article-image-2.jpgSea urchin jaws article image 2Sea urchins keep the front area devoid of the thick kelp cover seen at the back of this photo (Image source: [25]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/sea-urchin-jaws-article-image-1.jpgSea urchin jaws article image 1The jaws of any sea urchin, such as the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (left) consists of five symmetrically arranged teeth, operated by a series of calcareous plates and muscles (right), around a mouth opening (Image sources: left [23], right [24]).2024-11-15T14:38:06+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/02/26/sea-lettuce-and-bacteria-partners-in-crime/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/rev-ulva-spp-thanks-for-reading-image.jpg(Rev) Ulva spp thanks for reading imageThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/rev-ulva-spp-blog-article-image-3.jpg(Rev) Ulva spp blog article image 3Huge amounts of Ulva seaweed washed up on the coasts of northern Finistère, Brittany .https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/rev-ulva-spp-blog-article-image-2.jpg(Rev) Ulva spp blog article image 2Sea lettuce served with dumplings.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ulva-spp-blog-article-image-1-1.jpgUlva spp blog article image 1Ulva lactuca (left) and Ulva linza (right) are typically considered ‘typical’ species for the genus, but morphology varies between the 400+ species.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ulva-spp-blog-article-image-3.jpgUlva spp blog article image 3Huge amounts of Ulva lactuca washed up on the coast of Brittany (Image source: [18]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ulva-spp-blog-article-image-2.jpgUlva spp blog article image 2Ulva mutabilis develops into disorganised clumps in anexic (bacteria excluded) cultures, but adopts its more typical morphology in cultures with two different bacterial strains (Image source:[5]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ulva-spp-blog-article-image-1.jpgUlva spp blog article image 1Ulva lactuca (left) and Ulva linza (right) are typically considered ‘typical’ species for the genus, but morphology varies between the 400+ species (Image sources: left [22], right [23]).2024-11-15T14:37:54+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/04/02/clownfish-boys-and-girls/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/rev-clownfish-thanks-for-reading-image.jpg(Rev) Clownfish thanks for reading imageThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/rev-clownfish-article-image-2.jpg(Rev) Clownfish article image 2The popularity of clownfish can be seen in their regular appearances in aquariums (left) and in some quite surprising ways. I would imagine that clownfish cakes and planes (right) were far less likely before the release of Finding Nemo.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/rev-clownfish-article-image-1.jpg(Rev) Clownfish article image 1A family of clownfish. The largest will be the female.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/clownfish-blog-article-image-3.jpgClownfish blog article image 3Cyanide fishing is used to anaesthetise fish, making them easier to collect (Image source: [19]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/clownfish-blog-article-image-2.jpgClownfish blog article image 2Many species of clownfish became a popular addition to aquariums after this film’s release (Image source: [18]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/clownfish-blog-article-image-1.jpgClownfish blog article image 1Typical arrangement among the clownfish inhabiting the anemone (Image source: [17]).2024-11-15T14:37:42+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/04/23/sponges-the-way-you-move/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/rev-sponge-thanks-for-reading-image-1.jpgAxinella verrucossa (Esper, 1794)Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/rev-sponge-thanks-for-reading-image.jpgAxinella verrucossa (Esper, 1794)Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/rev-sponge-article-image-4.jpg(Rev) Sponge article image 4We already use aquaculture to produce a wide variety of marine lifeforms on a vast scale, including (clockwise from top left) seaweed, shrimp, abalones and salmon. It could be feasible to do the same with sponge. But whether we should is another issue entirely.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/rev-sponge-article-image-3.jpg(Rev) Sponge article image 3Glass sponges like this Venus Flower Basket Euplectella aspergillum still don’t have proper nervous systems as we know them. But it is a step in the right direction. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/rev-sponge-article-image-2.jpg(Rev) Sponge article image 2General body structure of a sponge and the cells that make up the ‘body’.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/rev-sponge-article-image-1.jpg(Rev) Sponge article image 1A collection of sponges with the yellow tube sponge (Aplysina fistularis) taking centre stage.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/sponge-blog-article-image-2.jpgSponge blog article image 2Examples of open (left) and closed (right) systems for cultivating marine organisms. Neither were used to cultivate sponges (as far as I know), but nonetheless show the differences in approach (Image sources: left [22], right [23]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/sponge-blog-article-image-1.jpgSponge blog article image 1Generalised body structure of a sponge with blue arrows to show direction of water flow (Image source: [21]). 2024-11-15T14:37:27+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/05/13/white-shark-goliath-and-david/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/white-shark-thanks-for-reading-image-1.jpgGreat white sharkThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/white-shark-thanks-for-reading-image.jpgGreat white sharkThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/white-shark-article-image-3.jpgWhite shark article image 3While your chances of being attacked by a shark are already quite slim, there are precautions you can take to further stack the odds of a safe swim in the sea.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/white-shark-article-image-2.jpgWhite shark article image 2White sharks can launch themselves out of the water to catch seals, a behaviour called ‘breaching’. Should they acquire enough speed and power, their entire body can be out of water for a split second.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/white-shark-article-image-1.jpgWhite shark article image 1Sharks detect electrical signals through specialised pores on their snout called “Ampullae of Lorenzini”. Including the tiger shark on the right.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/fin-fighters-logo.pngFin fighters logo(Image source: [17])https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/shark-attack-mistaken-identity.jpgshark-attack mistaken identityTo a shark human surfers (and swimmers) can look very similar to their natural prey (Image source: [14]).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/great-white-shark-breaching.jpggreat white shark breachingWhite sharks can launch themselves out of the water to catch seals, a behaviour called ‘breaching’ (Image source: [21]). Click to see the full video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4EojXTOtNTAhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ampullae-of-lorenzini-on-white-shark.jpgLorenziniSharks detect electrical signals through specialised pores on their snout called “Ampullae of Lorenzini” (Image source: [20]).2024-11-15T14:37:13+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/06/11/zooxanthellae-solar-power/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/zooxanthellae-thanks-for-reading-image.jpgZooxanthellae thanks for reading imageThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/zooxanthellae-article-image-4-1.jpgzooxanthellae article image 4Coral reefs, such as the Great Barrier reef, support huge diversities of marine life, which draws in tourists from all over the world.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/zooxanthellae-article-image-3-1.jpgzooxanthellae article image 3Bleached coral often appears in the lifeless white colour as it is the expelled zooxanthellae that provide their bright colours.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/zooxanthellae-article-image-2-1.jpgzooxanthellae article image 2Zooxanthallae support a range of marine invertebrates including (clockwise from top left) coral reefs, aggregating anemones, fried egg jellyfish, upside down jellyfish, giant clams and Berghia nudibranchs.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/zooxanthellae-article-image-1-1.jpgzooxanthellae article image 1Zooxanthellae acting in symbiotic relationships are often embedded in the body tissues of their host, such as this giant clam.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/zooxanthellae-article-image-4.jpgzooxanthellae article image 4Coral reefs, such as the Great Barrier reef, support huge diversities of marine life, which draws in tourists from all over the world [33].https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/zooxanthellae-article-image-3.jpgzooxanthellae article image 3Bleached coral often appears in the lifeless white colour as it is the expelled zooxanthellae that provide their bright colours [32].https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/zooxanthellae-article-image-2.jpgzooxanthellae article image 2Zooxanthallae support a range of marine invertebrates including (clockwise from top left) coral reefs, aggregating anemones [27], fried egg jellyfish [28], upside down jellyfish [29], giant clams [30] and Berghia nudibranchs [31].https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/zooxanthellae-article-image-1.jpgzooxanthellae article image 12024-11-15T14:36:54+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/07/09/sperm-whales-why-such-a-big-head/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/1200px-sperm_whale_head_anatomy_transverse__sagittal-1.jpg1200px-Sperm_whale_head_anatomy_(transverse_+_sagittal)The spermaceti organ and junk compartment make much of the enlarged forehead and both are covered in spermaceti, an oily mixture of fats and waxes.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/spermaceti.jpgSpermacetiThe spermaceti oil was very profitable during whaling times (Image source: Stevenson). https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/sperm_whale_and_squid.jpgSperm_whale_and_squidSperm whales prey on deep sea squid, using echolocation to home in on them (Image source: yondiebest).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/1200px-sperm_whale_head_anatomy_transverse__sagittal.jpg1200px-Sperm_whale_head_anatomy_(transverse_+_sagittal)The spermaceti organ and junk compartment make much of the enlarged forehead and both are covered in spermaceti, an oily mixture of fats and waxes (Image source: Kurzon)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/sperm_whale_and_bottlenose_whale.jpgSperm_whale_and_Bottlenose_whaleThanks for reading2024-11-15T14:36:36+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/07/30/crabs-is-this-going-to-hurt/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/palaemon-elegans-img_6414_z-1.jpgPalaemon-elegans-IMG_6414_zWhen their long antennae is injured these prawns groom it intensively, suggesting they are aware of where the damage is.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/thanks-for-reading-photo.jpgThanks for reading photoThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/animals-in-pain-legislation.jpganimals in pain legislationFish, cephalopods and marine mammals (top row) are all protected from suffering under UK law. Crabs, lobsters and crayfish (bottom row) are protected under similar laws in other countries, but not in the UK.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/palaemon-elegans-img_6414_z.jpgPalaemon-elegans-IMG_6414_zWhen their long antennae is injured these prawns groom it intensively, suggesting they are aware of where the damage is (Image source: Ar rouz, 2016).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/hermit-crab.jpghermit crabHermit crabs rely on the empty sea snail shells to protect their soft bodies. There would have to be a real risk of harm from inside the shell for them to abandon it.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/foot-on-nail1.jpgfoot on nailThis will cause pain, but the initial response will be a reflex by nociception, not pain.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/foot-on-nail.jpgfoot on nailThis will cause pain, but the initial response will be a reflex by nociception, not pain.2024-11-15T14:36:17+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/08/27/lugworms-buried-alive/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/birdwatching-and-angling-1.jpgbirdwatching and anglingLugworms are consumed by wading birds species such as the curlew (top left) and oystercatcher (bottom left) and fish, such as cod (top right) and sole (bottom right).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/lugworm-finish-of-article.jpglugworm finish of articleThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/birdwatching-and-angling.jpgbirdwatching and anglingLugworms are consumed by wading birds species such as the curlew (top left) and oystercatcher (bottom left) and fish, such as cod (top right) and sole (bottom right). Image credit of sole photo: Appaloosa (2007). https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/lugworm-and-faecal-cast.jpgLugworm and faecal castLugworms burrow into sand and mud and lives in these burrows for much of their lives. Only their coiled faecal casts are regularly seen at the surface.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/angler-and-fish.jpgAngler and fishLugworms are popular among anglers and bait to catch fish such as cod (top right) and sole (bottom right). Image credit of sole photo: Appaloosa (2007). https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/birdwatcher-and-seabirds1.pngBirdwatcher and seabirdsLugworms are consumed by wading birds species such as the curlew (top left) and oystercatcher (bottom left). Animals which can be of interest to birdwatchers.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/birdwatcher-and-seabirds.pngBirdwatcher and seabirdsLugworms are consumed by wading birds species such as the curlew (top left) and oystercatcher (bottom left). Animals which can be of interest to birdwatchers.2024-11-15T14:35:28+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/09/17/sticklebacks-you-need-new-eyes/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/image-4-tinbergen-and-lorenz-1.jpgimage 4-tinbergen and lorenzNiko Tinbergen (right) and Konrad Lorenz (left) and others were key to establishment of ethology as a scientific discipline in the 1930s.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/image-2-light-spectrum-1.jpgimage 2-light spectrumThe spectrum of light includes visible colours (to us) and other components, such as ultraviolet (UV) and infra-red (IR) light, which have different wavelengths.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/thanks-for-reading.jpgThanks for readingThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/image-5-four-questions.jpgImage 5-four questionshttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/image-2-light-spectrum1.jpgimage 2-light spectrumThe spectrum of light includes visible colours (to us) and other components, such as ultraviolet (UV) and infra-red (IR) light, which have different wavelengths. Image credit: Fulvio314, 2016.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/image-4-tinbergen-and-lorenz.jpgimage 4-tinbergen and lorenzNiko Tinbergen (right) and Konrad Lorenz (left) and others were key to establishment of ethology as a scientific discipline in the 1930s. Image credit: Plank, 2007.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/image-3-stickleback-communication.jpgimage 3-stickleback communicationThreespined sticklebacks are vert social animals and will make visual displays to communicate with each other.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/image-2-light-spectrum.jpgimage 2-light spectrumThe spectrum of light includes visible colours (to us) and other components, such as ultraviolet (UV) and infra-red (IR) light, which have different wavelengths. Image credit: Fulvio314.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/fmib_51889_three-spined_stickleback_gasterosteus_aculeatus_l_woods_hole_mass.jpgFMIB_51889_Three-spined_Stickleback,_Gasterosteus_aculeatus_L_Woods_Hole,_MassThreespined sticklebacks, as the name suggests, have three dorsal spines. 2024-11-15T14:34:54+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/10/08/larvaceans-home-owners/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/larvacean-article-image-4-1.jpgLarvacean article image 4The phylum Chordata contains a variety of animals including larvaceans, salps, sea squirts (top to bottom left), lancelets (centre) and all vertebrate animals (right).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/larvacean-article-image-1-1.jpgLarvacean article image 1Larvaceans look like tadpoles and use their tails to ‘suck’ in water to filter for food.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/larvacean-article-image-2-copy.jpgLarvacean article image 2 - CopyThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/larvacean-article-image-4.jpgLarvacean article image 4The phylum Chordata contains a variety of animals including larvaceans, salps, sea squirts (top to bottom left), lancelets (centre) and all vertebrate animals (right). Image sources: RedEnsign, 2007 (top left), Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2012 (middle left), Esculapio, 2008 (bottom left), Hillewaert, 1997 (centre).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/larvacean-article-image-3.jpgLarvacean article image 3Marine snow contains accumulations of dead, or dying organisms that sinks to the deep sea.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/larvacean-article-image-2.jpgLarvacean article image 2Larvaceans reside in houses they build out of mucus.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/larvacean-article-image-1.jpgLarvacean article image 1Larvaceans look like tadpoles and use their tails to ‘suck’ in water to filter for food. Image source: RedEnsign, 2007.2024-11-15T14:34:39+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/10/29/green-turtles-are-they-vegetarian/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/green-turtle-article-image-3-1.jpgGreen turtle article image 3Getting tangled in fishing nets (left), accidently eating plastic (centre) and poaching (right) are all major threats to turtles.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/green-turtle-article-image-1-1.jpgGreen turtle article image 1Green turtles are found in tropical and subtropical oceans across the world, including the coastal waters of around 140 countries.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/green-turtle-article-image-4.jpgGreen turtle article image 4Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/green-turtle-article-image-3.jpgGreen turtle article image 3Getting tangled in fishing nets (left), accidently eating plastic (centre) and poaching (right) are all major threats to turtles. Image source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Headquarters, 2012 (left); NOAA Marine Debris Program , 2014 (centre); Grendelkhan , 2018 (right).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/green-turtle-article-image-2.jpgGreen turtle article image 2Green turtle hatchlings eat various animal life they find at, or near the ocean surface.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/green-turtle-article-image-1.jpgGreen turtle article image 1Green turtles are found in tropical and subtropical oceans across the world, including the coastal waters of around 140 countries. Image source: Lindgren, 2013.2024-11-15T14:34:17+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/11/19/dog-whelks-digging-deep/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/dog-whelk-article-image-4-1.jpgDog whelk article image 4Biofouling organisms growing on the hulls of boats can be a real problem, but the chemicals used to prevent them from growing on the hull, especially TBT, can be deadly to all kinds of sea life.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/dog-whelk-article-image-3-1.jpgDog whelk article image 3For centuries we have been using dog whelks to dye clothes with purple and violet colours in various cultures.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/dog-whelk-article-image-1-1.jpgDog whelk article image 1Dog whelks are recognisable from teeth like ridges around the shell opening and the dense masses of yellow egg capsules they leave on the shore.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/dog-whelk-article-image-5.jpgdog whelk article image 5Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/dog-whelk-article-image-4.jpgDog whelk article image 4Biofouling organisms growing on the hulls of boats can be a real problem, but the chemicals used to prevent them from growing on the hull, especially TBT, can be deadly to all kinds of sea life. Image source: Beckers.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/dog-whelk-article-image-3.jpgDog whelk article image 3For centuries we have been using dog whelks to dye clothes with purple and violet colours in various cultures. Image source: Boonekamp (left).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/dog-whelk-article-image-2.jpgDog whelk article image 2Byssal threads are strong fibres that mussels may sometimes use as an unconventional anti-predator device against dog whelks.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/dog-whelk-article-image-1.jpgDog whelk article image 1Dog whelks are recognisable from teeth like ridges around the shell opening and the dense masses of yellow egg capsules they leave on the shore. Image sources: Patrice78500 (right).2024-11-15T14:33:56+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2018/12/17/mangroves-world-of-their-own/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/mangrove-blog-article-image-2.jpgMangrove blog article image 2Organisms that live with mangrove trees can be beneficial to their survival, such as cyanobacteria (left) in the root-like breathing tubes, giant sponges (middle) attached to the ends of mangrove roots and fiddler crabs (top right) which burrow in the mangrove sediment (bottom right) and mix it up.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mangrove-blog-article-image-4.jpgMangrove blog article image 4Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mangrove-blog-article-image-3.jpgMangrove blog article image 3Needless to say tsunamis are devastating events and certain precautions should be taken in vulnerable and tsunami prone regions. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mangrove-blog-article-image-2.jpgMangrove blog article image 2Organisms that live with mangrove trees can be beneficial to their survival, such as cyanobacteria (left) in the root-like breathing tubes, giant sponges (middle) attached to the ends of mangrove roots and fiddler crabs (top right) which burrow in the mangrove sediment (bottom right) and mix it up. Image credit (left): Veryn4ik89. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mangrove-blog-article-image-1.jpgMangrove blog article image 1Stilted roots (left) and breathing tubes (right) can help mangroves extract much needed oxygen from the atmosphere. 2024-11-15T14:33:37+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2019/01/14/eurasian-oystercatcher-do-they-catch-oysters/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/eurasian-oystercatcher-image-1-2.jpgEurasian oystercatcher image 1Eurasian oystercatchers are pretty seabirds with bills that can be modified for different prey types. The map on the right shows their winter range (blue), summer range (yellow) and year long range (green).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/eurasian-oystercatcher-image-4-1.jpgEurasian oystercatcher image 4Both oystercatcher eggs and chicks are indirectly vulnerable to human disturbance as it threatens to change the behaviour of the adults.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/eurasian-oystercatcher-image-1-1.jpgEurasian oystercatcher image 1Eurasian oystercatchers are pretty seabirds with bills that can be modified for different prey types. The map on the right shows their winter range (blue), summer range (yellow) and year long range (green).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/eurasian-oystercatcher-image-5.jpgeurasian oystercatcher image 5Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/eurasian-oystercatcher-image-4.jpgeurasian oystercatcher image 4Both oystercatcher eggs and chicks are indirectly vulnerable to human disturbance as it threatens to change the behaviour of the adults. Image source (left): Bjoertvedt, 2008.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/eurasian-oystercatcher-image-3.jpgeurasian oystercatcher image 3The Faroese Islands have embraced the Eurasian oystercatcher as a national symbol and celebrate their return each year to breed.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/eurasian-oystercatcher-image-2.jpgeurasian oystercatcher image 2Shell stabbing oystercatchers target this space that mussels (and other bivalve molluscs) have between their shell valves and cut the muscles that keeps the shell closed.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/eurasian-oystercatcher-image-1.jpgeurasian oystercatcher image 1Eurasian oystercatchers are pretty seabirds with bills that can be modified for different prey types. The map on the right shows their winter range (blue), summer range (yellow) and year long range (green). Image source (left): Trepte, 2005.2024-11-15T14:33:20+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2019/02/11/pufferfish-a-dangerous-delicacy/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/pufferfish-article-image-5-1.jpgPufferfish article image 5In Haitian folklore voodoo zombies remain under the control of the priest or priestess as personal slaves, which directly inspired the 1932 film called “White Zombie” (right).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/pufferfish-article-image-4-1.jpgPufferfish article image 4Tetrodotoxin may be a poison, but carefully controlled doses can, and have, been used to relieve pain from certain medical conditions such as arthritis (top right) and leprosy (bottom right).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/pufferfish-article-image-3-1.jpgPufferfish article image 3Pufferfish is a seafood delicacy, especially in Japan and the United States, but because of the danger posed by tetrodotoxin in its flesh it has to prepared in restaurants by specially trained chefs.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/pufferfish-article-image-2-2.jpgPufferfish article image 2This diagram roughly shows the process that tetrodotoxin interferes with. Sodium (Na+) ions are drawn into the nerve through open ion channels (left side) and flips the electrical charge inside the nerve from positive (+) to negative (-). Some of these sodium ions are drawn further down the nerve to where it is still negatively charged (positive and negative charges always attract), which opens up the next set of sodium ion channels and the cycle is repeated.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/pufferfish-article-image-thanks-for-reading.jpgPufferfish article image thanks for readingThanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/pufferfish-article-image-5.jpgPufferfish article image 5In Haitian folklore voodoo zombies remain under the control of the priest or priestess as personal slaves, which directly inspired the 1932 film called “White Zombie” (right). Image source (left): Jean-noël Lafargue, 2005 [FAL].https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/pufferfish-article-image-4.jpgPufferfish article image 4Tetrodotoxin may be a poison, but carefully controlled doses can, and have, been used to relieve pain from certain medical conditions such as arthritis (top right) and leprosy (bottom right). Image source (top right): James Heilman, 2010 [CC BY-SA 3.0].https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/pufferfish-article-image-3.jpgPufferfish article image 3Pufferfish is a seafood delicacy, especially in Japan and the United States, but because of the danger posed by tetrodotoxin in its flesh it has to prepared in restaurants by specially trained chefs. Image source (right): Yamaguchi Yoshiaki from Japan, 2008 [CC BY-SA 2.0] https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/pufferfish-article-image-2-1.jpgPufferfish article image 2This diagram roughly shows the process that tetrodotoxin interferes with. Sodium (Na+) ions are drawn into the nerve through open ion channels (left side) and flips the electrical charge inside the nerve from positive (+) to negative (-). Some of these sodium ions are drawn further down the nerve to where it is still negatively charged (positive and negative charges always attract), which opens up the next set of sodium ion channels and the cycle is repeated. Image source: Helixitta, 2015 [CC BY-SA 4.0]https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/pufferfish-article-image-1-1.jpgPufferfish article image 1Pufferfish accumulate tetrodotoxin in their skin, liver, intestines and ovaries (depending on the species) which makes them deadly for most animals to eat. 2026-01-07T17:29:08+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2019/03/11/shipworms-shiver-the-timbers/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/shipworm-article-image-1-2.jpgshipworm article image 1Shipworms are weird, but resourceful animals that completely repurpose their shells, which other bivalve molluscs (e.g. oysters) use for protection, to drill their way through wood.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/shipworm-article-image-1-1.jpgshipworm article image 1Shipworms are weird, but resourceful animals that completely repurpose their shells, which other bivalve molluscs (e.g. oysters) use for protection, to drill their way through wood.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/shipworm-article-image-5.jpgshipworm article image 5Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/shipworm-article-image-4.jpgshipworm article image 4On the right hand side you can see the tunnelling shield that holds up the tunnel while the rest of the tunnel is built up with concrete wall. This approach was so effective during Brunel’s time that it is still used today. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/shipworm-article-image-3.jpgshipworm article image 3The enzymes produced by shipworms’ bacteria can be used for various purposes, such as sterilising contact lenses, cleaning industrial machinery and as an ingredient in detergents.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/shipworm-article-image-2.jpgshipworm article image 2The first Herne Bay peer, depicted in this postcard, was also devastated by shipworms burrowing in the wooden pillars that were not protected by copper plates.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/shipworm-article-image-1.jpgshipworm article image 1Shipworms are weird, but resourceful animals that completely repurpose their shells, which other bivalve molluscs (e.g. oysters) use for protection, to drill their way through wood. Image source (right): Rygel, 2006.2024-11-15T14:32:27+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2019/04/08/flatworms-living-without-a-heart/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/flatworm-article-image-4-1.jpgFlatworm article image 4New Zealand flatworms (Arthurdendyus triangulates) and their relatives are invasive species in Northwest Europe.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/flatworm-article-image-3-1.jpgFlatworm article image 3Without access to clean drinking water and good sanitation there is a serious risk of picking up a Schistosomiasis causing parasite.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/flatworm-article-image-2-1.jpgFlatworm article image 2Both these Pseudobiceros bedfordi flatworms have the common goal of reproduction, but the one that carries the fertilised eggs will have to spend a lot more energy dragging them round.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/flatworm-article-image-1-1.jpgFlatworm article image 1Flatworms are definitely a weird and varied group of animals with examples including (clockwise from top left) Turbellerians, Trematodes, Tapeworms and Monogeans.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/flatworm-article-image-5.jpgFlatworm article image 5Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/flatworm-article-image-4.jpgFlatworm article image 4New Zealand flatworms (Arthurdendyus triangulates) and their relatives are invasive species in Northwest Europe. Image source: Rae's, 2014 [CC BY 2.0].https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/flatworm-article-image-3.jpgFlatworm article image 3Without access to clean drinking water and good sanitation there is a serious risk of picking up a Schistosomiasis causing parasite. Image source: Bb.braam, 2017 (right, CC BY-SA 4.0).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/flatworm-article-image-2.jpgFlatworm article image 2Both these Pseudobiceros bedfordi flatworms have the common goal of reproduction, but the one that carries the fertilised eggs will have to spend a lot more energy dragging them round. Image source: Nico Michiels, 2004 [CC BY 2.5].https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/flatworm-article-image-1.jpgFlatworm article image 1Flatworms are definitely a weird and varied group of animals with examples including (clockwise from top left) Turbellerians, Trematodes, Tapeworms and Monogeans. Image sources: Hhgutierrez49, 2012 (top left, CC BY-SA 3.0); Neely852, 2018 (top right, CC BY-SA 4.0); Jana Bulantová, 2018 (bottom left, CC BY-SA 4.0). 2024-11-15T14:32:15+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2019/05/06/orcas-silent-running/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/orca-article-image-1.jpgOrca article image 1https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/thanks-for-reading-image.jpgthanks for reading imagehttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/orca-article-image-3.jpgOrca article image 3https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/orca-article-image-2.jpgOrca article image 22024-11-15T14:31:57+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2019/06/09/elegant-anemone-clone-of-my-own/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/elegant-anemone-blog-article-image-4-1.jpgElegant anemone blog article image 4The 1929 study on several sea anemones included species that can reproduce through cutting off fragments from their base (left), species that are hermaphrodites (both male and female) and practice sexual reproduction (middle) and species where new anemones stretch out from their parents and then snap off (right).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/elegant-anemone-blog-article-image-1-1.jpgElegant anemone blog article image 1Elegant anemones stand out with their banded colour pattern and the jagged outline on their base (not visible here) which is a tell-tale sign of their reproduction through fragmentation.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/elegant-anemone-blog-article-image-5.jpgElegant anemone blog article image 5Thanks for reading https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/elegant-anemone-blog-article-image-4.jpgElegant anemone blog article image 4The 1929 study on several sea anemones included species that can reproduce through cutting off fragments from their base (left), species that are hermaphrodites (both male and female) and practice sexual reproduction (middle) and species where new anemones stretch out from their parents and then snap off (right). Image sources: (top left) gordon.milligan, 2014 [CC BY 2.0]; (bottom left) Mike Noren, 2001 [CC BY-SA 3.0]; (top middle) Ecomare/Sytske Dijksen, 2016 [CC BY-SA 4.0]; (bottom middle) Fernándo Herranz Martín, 2005 [GPL]; (top right) Mike Noren, 2001 [CC BY-SA 3.0]; (bottom right) Learning by action; Stichting Natuurbeelden, 2010 [CC BY-SA 3.0 nl].https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/elegant-anemone-blog-article-image-3.jpgElegant anemone blog article image 3Portraits of sponge fishing seem to date back to at least the 19th century which probably means there have been sufferers of sponge fishermen’s disease since then.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/elegant-anemone-blog-article-image-2.jpgElegant anemone blog article image 2All cnidarians (e.g. jellyfish, anemones, corals) have these microscopic harpoons tipped with toxins that can produce a nasty sting.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/elegant-anemone-blog-article-image-1.jpgElegant anemone blog article image 1Elegant anemones stand out with their banded colour pattern and the jagged outline on their base (not visible here) which is a tell-tale sign of their reproduction through fragmentation. Image source: gordon.milligan, 2014 [CC BY 2.0]2024-11-15T14:31:42+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2019/07/29/diatoms-my-house-of-glass/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/diatom-article-image-5-1.jpgDiatom article image 5It is truly remarkable how diatom-based nanotechnology could be applied in so many different ways.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/diatom-article-image-4-1.jpgDiatom article image 4For forensic investigators, diatoms can be a very useful source of evidence to rule out (or not rule out) homicide in cases of drowning.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/diatom-article-image-1-1.jpgDiatom article image 1Diatoms do really come in kinds of the shapes and sizes and these images are only a few examples.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/diatom-article-image-6.jpgdiatom article image 6Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/diatom-article-image-5.jpgDiatom article image 5It is truly remarkable how diatom-based nanotechnology could be applied in so many different ways. Image source: Jiangtao12345, 2019 [CC BY-SA 4.0].https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/diatom-article-image-4.jpgDiatom article image 4For forensic investigators, diatoms can be a very useful source of evidence to rule out (or not) homicide in cases of drowning. Image sources: West Midlands Police from West Midlands, United Kingdom, 2012 [CC BY-SA 2.0] (left); Tim Houlihan, 2008 [CC BY-SA 3.0] (right).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/diatom-article-image-3.jpgDiatom article image 3Diatom blooms really can turn nasty under certain conditions and make things unpleasant, even dangerous, for us and any wildlife in the area.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/diatom-article-image-2.jpgDiatom article image 2Some diatom blooms are so vast that they can even be seen from satellites. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/diatom-article-image-1.jpgDiatom article image 1Diatoms do really come in kinds of the shapes and sizes and these images are only a few examples. Image sources: Derek Keats from Johannesburg, South Africa, 1998 [CC BY 2.0] (left and centre); George Swann, 2006 [CC BY-SA 3.0] (right).2024-11-15T14:31:20+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2019/08/26/chinese-mitten-crabs-long-distance-crawling/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/chinese-mitten-crab-image-5.jpgChinese mitten crab image 5Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/chinese-mitten-crab-image-4.jpgChinese mitten crab image 4Chinese mitten crabs are already farmed, harvested and cooked in China so it is possible to eat them in regions where they are an invasive species and get their populations under control at the same time.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/chinese-mitten-crab-image-3.jpgChinese mitten crab image 3For European crayfish, Chinese mitten crabs are a significant threat, not only through competition for food and other resources, but also because they carry deadly diseases which crayfish have no resistance to. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/chinese-mitten-crab-image-2.jpgChinese mitten crab image 2These diagrams show how fish from freshwater (left) and seawater (right) regulate the levels of water and salt ions in their body. Both use very similar mechanisms, but in very different ways because for freshwater fish there is the risk of getting too much water and not enough salts whereas in seawater fish it is the other way round.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/chinese-mitten-crab-image-1.jpgChinese mitten crab image 1Chinese mitten crab is a fitting name for these little critters given that they are native to China and have very hairy claws.2024-11-15T14:31:00+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2019/11/05/bottlenose-dolphins-the-big-boys-club/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/bnd-blog-image-6.jpgBND blog image 6Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/bnd-blog-image-5.jpgBND blog image 5The icehouse (left) was part of a massive fishing operation with thousands of salmon caught a day at its peak. This all ended in the 1990’s, but the river is still a beautiful place to visit and the fish (that survived us) bring dolphins, seals, otters and ospreys every year.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/bnd-blog-image-4.jpgBND blog image 4The Scottish Dolphin Centre is the public face of Whale and Dolphin Conservation where we can talk to people face to face on a day to day basis about whales and dolphins and the work that WDC is doing to protect them. It adds an extra layer of engagement that is not so easy when you’re just working from the office. The café and their delicious cakes is also a significant bonus.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/bnd-blog-image-3.jpgBND blog image 3Most of the (roughly) 200 bottlenose dolphins that live in the Moray Firth stay in this area all year round, as far as we know.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/bnd-blog-image-2.jpgBND blog image 2The diet of a bottlenose dolphin includes (from the top) salmon, cod, haddock, herring, mackerel, sardines and more.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/bnd-blog-image-1.jpgBND blog image 1It is remarkable to think that bottlenose dolphins from the Moray Firth (left) can grow so big. It’s hard not to feel sorry for the harbour porpoise that they attack (right).2024-11-15T14:30:02+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2020/01/02/bryozoans-welcome-to-the-colony/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/bryozoan-blog-image-6.jpgbryozoan blog image 6Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/bryozoan-blog-image-5.jpgbryozoan blog image 5Proliferative kidney disease can affect wild salmon, but salmon in fish farms, such as the one above, are more vulnerable because it is easier for diseases to spread in confined spaces. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/bryozoan-blog-image-4.jpgbryozoan blog image 4These zebra mussels really do not look appetising with all those bryozoans growing on their shells.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/bryozoan-blog-image-3.jpgbryozoan blog image 3These bryozoans were drawn by the naturalist Ernst Haeckel and it’s not the first time I’ve used his illustrations on my blog. They are beautifully detailed and coloured (it also helps that he has been dead long enough for the copyright to expire). https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/bryozoan-blog-image-2.jpgbryozoan blog image 2You can see from this photo how close each bryozoan is to each other with their lophophores sticking out. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/bryozoan-blog-image-1-1.jpgbryozoan blog image 1Some examples of bryozoan species with the seaweed shaped hornwrack (left) and sea mats growing on real seaweed (right). If you look really close, you can see each zooid in the bryozoan colony as a little ‘box’.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/bryozoan-blog-image-1.jpgbryozoan blog image 1Some examples of bryozoan species with the seaweed shaped hornwrack (left) and sea mats growing on real seaweed (right). If you look really close, you can see each zooid in the bryozoan colony as a little ‘box’.2024-11-15T14:29:52+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2020/02/29/marine-snow-water-wonderland/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/marine-snow-article-image-7.jpgMarine snow article image 7Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/marine-snow-article-image-6.jpgMarine snow article image 6These are just a few examples of how plastic pollution is impacting our oceans. Abandoned fishing nets (left) which can be dragged by ocean currents and trap any creatures caught in its path, plastic bags (centre) which can be mistaken for food and eaten by certain sea creatures and microplastics (right) which can be eaten by tiny creatures and then move up the food chain and accumulate in large predators.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/marine-snow-article-image-5.jpgMarine snow article image 5William Beebe’s bathysphere suspended from its steel cable (left) and at its current home at the National Geographic museum in Washington DC (right). I would also recommend looking up the article that Beebe wrote for the National Geographic Society in exchange for funding his dives.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/marine-snow-article-image-4.jpgMarine snow article image 4During its long voyage, the HMS Challenger collected a considerable amount of scientific data from the ocean which ranged from measuring environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, depth, salinity) as well as dredging the seafloor at various depths to collect samples and living specimens. The use of long cables made of steel made it possible to reach the dark depths and bring back its weird creatures.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/marine-snow-article-image-3.jpgMarine snow article image 3Part of a dead diatom cell surrounded by bacteria and other bits and pieces (left) and a larvacean (Oikopleura dioica) who has to abandon their clogged up house every few hours (right). Both scenarios are ideal for creating marine snow.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/marine-snow-article-image-2.jpgMarine snow article image 2Krill (left) and the larvae of Japanese eels (right) are just two examples of small marine animals who benefit from having access to marine snow as a food source. There are probably many others that we don’t know about, especially in the ocean depths.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/marine-snow-article-image-1.jpgMarine snow article image 1Each of these ’snow’ particles are held together with extrapolymeric substances (EPS), a goo found the cells of most organisms (from large animals to microscopic bacteria) that can leak, especially when these cells start breaking down. 2024-11-15T14:29:41+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2020/05/02/cichlids-fish-foodies/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/cichlid-blog-article-image-8.jpgcichlid blog article image 8Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/cichlid-blog-article-image-7.jpgcichlid blog article image 7Oreochromis mossambicus, also called the Mozambique cichlid or Mozambique tilapia. All these names point to the fact that it should be living in Mozambique and yet here it is in the urban waterways of Queensland, Australia. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/cichlid-blog-article-image-6.jpgcichlid blog article image 6An egg from Schistosoma haematobium, also known as the urinary blood fluke, which has the potential to cause Urinary Schistosomiasis. The initial symptoms include coughing, fever, rashes, muscle and joint pain, diarrhea and abdominal pain. If diagnosed and treated at this stage then the damage is fairly minor. Alternatively, the symptoms will go away on their own, but the parasite can remain undetected for years.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/cichlid-blog-article-image-5.jpgcichlid blog article image 5Most introductions of invasive marine species are by accident (e.g. stowaways in boats and ships, escapes from aquarium and fish farms). But in the case of the Nile Perch we were even more careless because we brought them in deliberately in an attempt to boost fisheries in Lake Victoria. The true scale of this error was not realised until their populations exploded in the 1980s and from there it barely took a decade for this fish to cause irreversible damage to the ecosystem.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/cichlid-blog-article-image-4.jpgcichlid blog article image 4The Livingston’s cichlid Nimbochromis livingstonii is a crafty ambush predator, just like other sleeper cichlids. Ironically, they are also mouthbrooders so they could be targeted themselves by head ramming, egg eater cichlids.  https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/cichlid-blog-article-image-3.jpgcichlid blog article image 3A mouth breeding cichlid (you can just about see the eggs bulging out from the mouth) and a likely target for their head ramming cousins.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/cichlid-blog-article-image-2.jpgcichlid blog article image 2https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/cichlid-blog-article-image-1.jpgcichlid blog article image 1The great lakes of East Africa are home to around 2,000 species of cichlid, many of whom are found nowhere else on earth. There are so many species that throughout this article I will be calling some of them by their latin name because we haven’t had the time to come up with catchy nicknames for them all.2024-11-15T14:29:24+00:00monthlyhttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/2020/09/02/barnacles-all-together-now/https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/barnacle-article-image-7.jpgbarnacle article image 7Thanks for readinghttps://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/barnacle-article-image-6.jpgbarnacle article image 6Part of Darwin’s collection of barnacles along with a handwritten list of the different specimens on display at the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/barnacle-article-image-5.jpgbarnacle article image 5A selection of animals and plants who have provided inspiration for designing anti-fouling surfaces on boat hull. Including (clockwise from top left) sharks, pilot whales, geckos, lotus flower, brown algae and pea pods.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/barnacle-article-image-4.jpgbarnacle article image 4These are just a few examples of how barnacles can find their way onto anything we build, dump, or use in the sea. https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/barnacle-article-image-3.jpgbarnacle article image 3The bullied, Chthamalus stellatus (left), and the bully, Semibalanus balanoides (right). Both are driven by competition for the limited space on the rocky shore. C. stellatus has the advantage of being able to thrive in the harsher conditions of the upper shore, where they are further from the sea. But S. balanoides can grow faster and bigger in the more hospitable conditions of the lower shore and overpower C. stellatus with brute force and no mercy. This is a common scenario in nature. Every animal has its limits for where they can physically live, but their interactions with other species has an important part to play. Just like it is for C. stellatus, there is usually another species that will take you down a peg before you get anywhere near that physical limit of survival.https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/barnacle-article-image-2.jpgbarnacle article image 2A barnacle larva looking for their first and only new home (left) and a splattering of young barnacles who have made their decision and are beginning to grow (right).https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/barnacle-article-image-1.jpgbarnacle article image 1Rock barnacles out of water with their ‘shields’ closed to the outside world (left) and goose barnacles in water with their feeding cirri for catching food (right). 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article images (7)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nudibranch-article-images-6.jpgNudibranch article images (6)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nudibranch-article-images-5.jpgNudibranch article images (5)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nudibranch-article-images-4.jpgNudibranch article images (4)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nudibranch-article-images-3.jpgNudibranch article images (3)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nudibranch-article-images-2.jpgNudibranch article images (2)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nudibranch-article-images-1.jpgNudibranch article images (1)https://ourworldunderthewaves.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nudibranch-article-images.jpgNudibranch article 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